The Relationship between Drugs and Crime

Introduction The perception that drug use is associated with crime has reigned not only among sociology researchers but it has also been perpetuated by the media. In addition to social problems, drug use has been associated with harms that are suffered by users. Whereas there is truth in these views, an elaborate look into these views reveal that these associations are mainly a making (more so with specific drugs like heroin) as there is no direction of causality. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Drugs and Crime specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In essence the society, through the media and government policies, has come to criminalise drug users and therefore it has become de facto that drug users are criminals. This paper critically examines the views that criminalisation of drug use leads to greater social problems and harms to individuals. The central viewpoint is that it is not an abso lute truth that drug use is not an obvious cause of crime. Certain drugs such as heroin have been historically labelled and associated with crime and therefore concerns of crime associated heroin is deeply rooted in a historical belief that an evidential matter. Carnwath and Smith (2002) point out that there was a widespread use of heroin among male youths belonging to America’s lower class members who dwelt in cities during as the 20th century set in. Unfortunately, individuals who usually consumed heroin were already harbouring antisocial tendencies such as prostitution and gambling. On such grounds, it became very easy to create a community of de facto criminals. One of the ungrounded notions was that heroin use would influence men to rape yet the truth is that heroin use leads to low libido (Carnwath Smith, 2002). Historically, the association between heroin use and crime has been explained by psychiatrists citing heroin as an addictive substance that leads to impaired reasoning (Carnwath Smith, 2002). Whereas such an explanation does not shed enough light into this relationship, modern reasoning that heroin and crime are related due to an economic reasoning has not been satisfactory either. This is more due to the fact that researchers fail to consider poly-drug use among criminals thus the contribution of heroin may be exaggerated. When examining the relationship between drug use and crime, it is important to establish the direction of causality. This is one of the aspects that both researchers and the media fail to do. Stuart (2008) highlights that media as well as governments paint disproportionately the use of certain drugs as the cause of crimes. For instance, stereotyping heroin users and crack cocaine consumers as risk individuals in terms of crime eventually perpetuates criminal tendencies among such communities since this group of people feel barred from the society. Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if w e can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Whereas this is an aspect of drug use leading to crime, Carnwath Smith (2002) report that already formed criminals also tend to go for drugs such as heroin thus ruling out drug use as the absolute cause factor for criminal behaviour. Even in cases where alcohol is well known to cause violence as cited by Winlow and Hall (2006), this relationship is weak since most alcohol users view that violence is an inevitable part of drinking and is its done as â€Å"part of the show† (p. 96). Conclusion In conclusion, it is not easy to absolutely say that drug use leads to crime. There is failure to look at the many factors that may be involved in this relationship some of which include historical labelling of drug users as criminals and disproportional reporting by the media. It is important to examine the direction of causality before making any conclusion on drug use and crime relationship and also think of crime (such as violence among alcohol users) as an accepted culture by those who drink. Bibliography Carnwarth, T. and Smith, I. (2002). Ripping and running: Drug use and crime. In Heroin Century, London: Routledge. Taylor, S. (2008). Outside the outsiders: Media representations of drug use. Probation Journal, 55(4): 369-387. Winlow, S. Hall, S. (2006) Alcohol, violence and the drudgery of seeking pleasure. In Violent Night: Urban Leisure and Contemporary Culture, Oxford, Berg Press, pp. 93-114.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Drugs and Crime specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on The Relationship between Drugs and Crime was written and submitted by user Joe W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Report on successful academic piece of writing The WritePass Journal

Report on successful academic piece of writing Introduction Report on successful academic piece of writing IntroductionReferences taken from:-Related Introduction This report is aimed to improve the potential of academic writing and skills for students who are writing report on academic lesson or any other academic subjects. There are many Academic writing styles Skills. This report offers useful improving tool for writing Academic piece of writing skills for a successful Piece of academic writing and also develop academic writing and gather knowledge on academic writing for a successful presentation and to build a perfect report. There are few many good writing skills and techniques for developing academic writing skills. Academic writing for a successful presentation can also be said how to write an essay properly. This report or essay will give a demo to the approaches for developing academic writing skills and to know the various steps in the whole process. The approach enables students to engage in academic piece of writing and also allows you to identify your own self identity about your writing and to see the progress towards a finished successful and perfect academic piece of writing. The piece of writing focuses on the following important and beneficial points which are highlighted below: Identifying and resolving the problems faced during the writing. Giving knowledge to know familiar English language structure also helping in required fields needed. Addressing the important points to enhance and improve the academic piece of writing, book notes should be used for writing academic articles. Essays and exams are the main practical test for assessing student’s progress. As a result of these approaches the students can improve their skills and knowledge and try to improve the performance which will result in increasing and raising the level of the student’s confidence. A teacher can also help the student by drawing attention to the different styles of speaking and also different types of writing and improving them to write successful academic piece of writing. There are many writing styles in a language such as english.This also helps in writing reports successfully and also writing styles, writing lessons will be improved. Improving and Developing Academic Writing Skills: A student can help in improving writing skills by attempting on writing and focusing on the other skills areas. Some of them are as follows and the important ones are highlighted below. For Example When a student is reading a passage, he should focus on the text or the argument or focus in the grammar section. A teacher can also help the student by drawing attention to the different styles of speaking and also different types of writing and improving them to write successful academic piece of writing. There are many writing styles in a language such as English. These   also helps in writing reports successfully and also writing styles, writing lessons will be improved. Academic piece of successful writing helps in writing, using new vocabularies paraphrasing, referencing, paragraph building and against plagiarism. Also includes summarizing, proof writing, cohesion and coherence all these things should be taken in to consideration while writing a Academic piece of successful writing. And another most important point to remember is that after writing an Academic piece of successful writing a student should always check correct his own piece of writing. These are the following important points which should be carefully examined before preparing a successful Piece of academic writing. If these points are not carefully or properly assessed, it’s impossible to make a successful Piece of academic writing. Successful Piece of academic writing requires knowledge in academic. The most important points which are required or very important while writing a successful Piece of academic writing, they are as follows:- Cohesion and coherence Paraphrasing and Summarising Proof Reading Plagiarism Referencing Now all the important points which are essential for writing a successful Piece of academic writing are explained below:-   Cohesion and coherence Cohesion and coherence are very essential skills for students. Cohesion means connection between one word to another by both logically and grammatically. It includes use of synonyms, tenses, verb etc. Coherence means linking arguments and ideas, paragraphs and sentences each other’s its can be easy to understand. Cohesion is the bond that joins a piece of writing together it holds together sentence to sentence and paragraph to paragraph. Paraphrasing and Summarising Paraphrasing and Summarising is the rewriting texts from original texts to own words. Summary is basically one fourth of the writer views and in this views we select main and essential idea. Paraphrasing maintained meaning and quality of the writer views and it may be same length and extended to original words. It makes sure our views generate sense and reader can understood it. Proof Reading Proof Reading is the focussing on mistakes of grammatical, punctuation and spelling. It’s the essential part for editing; we should always care about proofread after revision. Proof readers find different into original source to document. Plagiarism Plagiarism is the serious crime .It involve copying someone else words, wrong information about the source and changing in some words such put the synonym but copying the sentence. It’s a dishonesty our work therefore avoid the plagiarism. Avoid Plagiarism Always use quotation marks if use writer’s words and should acknowledge every source. When summarise any topic firstly reading the source and always express own ideas. Modify the original source using proper paraphrase. Referencing – Referencing is indicated what source used in topic .There are two parts of referencing- text References and Bibliography of the references. In texts references included writer name, date of publication, or mention website. It is used for acknowledgment and given credit to author. Bibliography is the end list and it is the photocopied material which searching our source. These are the following important points which should be carefully examined before preparing a successful Piece of academic writing. To conclude we must take care of all the points and also should be carefully examined before starting to prepare a successful Piece of academic writing. We should also take help of academic styles, reading books also helps in preparing a perfect report. All the findings and knowledge gathered from other academic writing should be acknowledged with proper referencing. If we take care of all these essential points we can ultimately make a proper academic piece of writing. References taken from:- 1. studymore.org.uk/gloess.htm.  Ã‚   2. slideshare.net/malomaths/academic-writing-dit-summary

Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists in China in the 1920s Essay

Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists in China in the 1920s - Essay Example In his article, Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society, Mao Tse-tung argues that the lower classes of Chinese society will provide the main support for the communist revolution because they have low economic status and are victims of the capitalist exploitation of international imperialism. According to Mao, the origin of massive class disparity in China is the imperial capitalism which places most of the national resources in the hands of a small elite group and leaves the majority of the population, which comprises of peasants and low-level workers, economically deprived and struggling excessively in their efforts to earn a living. Mao believes that these struggling classes are the real friends of the revolution because they stand to benefit tremendously in a system whereby national resources are equitably distributed to all citizens (Tse-tung, Marxists.org).Thesis: Mao’s argument on economic disparity between classes in Chinese society illustrates the reason for the con stant conflict between the Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists in the 1920s. Mao’s argument plays a significant role when considering the differences between the Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists in China in the 1920s. The policies of the Nationalists tended to lean towards western ideals of capitalism and international imperialism. These policies favored the high classes of Chinese society at the expense of the lower classes. The high classes benefited from this system because they owned capital which they could use for productive purposes. They kept the proceeds from these productive purposes all to themselves, paying peasant workers small wages and overworking them. On the other hand, the Communists recognized that resources are limited, and not everyone in the society can acquire significant resources that will enable them to live comfortably. Therefore, they believed that the government should have sole control of all resources and distribute them equal ly to all members of the society (Ebrey, Walthall and Palais, 427). These massive ideological differences pitted the Communists against the Nationalists in the struggle to establish control over the divided country. It quickly became apparent to the Communists that they would have to drive the Nationalists from power for them to be able to spread the ideals of the revolution. Regime change and complete overhaul of the old system would have to take place if the communist revolution were to achieve success. Consequently, the Communists were a direct threat to the survival of the Nationalist government and to its grip on power and influence. As a result, the Nationalists realized that they would have to stem communist ideals from spreading throughout China in order to prevent the Communists from acquiring enough support to mount a revolution (Ebrey, Walthall and Palais, 431). Throughout the 1920s, there was conflict between the Nationalists and the Communists. The Communists were attem pting to grow their movement whereas the Nationalists were bent on preventing from them from gaining a foothold among rural Chinese peasants and urban dwellers. For example, the Communist Party gained a massive following among members of the General Labor Union of Shanghai. This following enabled the Communist Party to influence the GLU to call for a general strike on March 1921. Consequently over six hundred thousand workers seized the city and demanded a return of foreign concessions. Soldiers and members of the Green Gang loyal to Chiang Kaishek of the Nationalist Party immediately mounted a response, shooting and killing an estimated 5,000 union members and also attacked the union headquarters. This terror did not end with Shanghai. It quickly spread to other Chinese cities whereby soldiers of the Nationalist government destroyed bases of the Communist Party (Ebrey, Walthall and Palais, 427). These events demonstrated the fear that the Nationalists had over the Communists gainin g

Holywood Studio System Between 1940s and 1960s Essay

Holywood Studio System Between 1940s and 1960s - Essay Example This was because there was discovery of the telescope, a cure for arthritis and even new advancements in astronomy. 2 With all these factors going so well for America; Hollywood home, one would presume that there would be greater opportunities for the studio system. However, this did not happen. 3 The main reasons were that there was a shift from cinema to television4, there was also politics involved and also other managerial and technological reasons came into play. 5 Details of these factors shall be examined below. In the wake of the country's economic boom, many people could now afford to purchase their own television sets. 6This meant that there was no need for any of them to go to the movies. By the year 1946, cinema attendance had diminished by a whooping 20 million consumers. 7 The studio that felt the highest pinch was the leader at that time; MGM. Before the decline in the Hollywood studio system, most studios were producing about eighteen billion dollars in revenue. However, after the popularisation of television, most studios were now making a mere four billion dollars. 8 There were also other political reasons that affected the Hollywood Studio system in the late forties. Prior to the decline, most studio owners or movie producers had exclusive rights to movie theatres. The five major studios in Hollywood (Fox, Warner's, Paramount, RKO and Lowe's) 9 had the ability to control distribution of their movies through these vested interests in movie theatres. However, The US Justice Department felt that that monopoly was going against the rules of free market and fair competition. 10Therefore, the Attorney General serving at that time gave a notice to the five major studios to appear in court. They were charged with conspiracy in the theatre industry. They were not supposed to control distribution as stated by the government and they were expected to let go of their vested interests in theatres During their appearances in court, top studio executives agreed to surrender their vested interests in the distribution sector and just after a short while all the big five studios gave up their rights to the movie theatres. 11Most of theses theatres were then sold to other vested interests. Consequently, studio producers had very little revenue to give their actors. Before selling away their theatres, most studios would contract actors for a period of seven years. But after the decline of theatres and studios, it was difficult to make such contracts anymore. Most studios started getting into deficits and they started closing down. 12These results came into play during the sixties. Eventually, the legacy of the Hollywood Studio system came to an end during those fateful years. Rise of independent movie producers During the 1960s more and more movie producers would choose locations that were outside Hollywood. They would prefer other countries such as England, Rome and Pinewood. Consequently, most of the equipments needed in studios were exported to the outdoors. This seriously affected the studio system as movie producers no longer considered the studio system as the norm. 13 The situation was made worse by increased competition from some independent movie producers. These movie producers were affiliated to their own movie producing companies and made the Hollywood studio system seem traditional. The

Workplace Saftey Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Workplace Saftey - Case Study Example Assessment of risks in the operational department in a bank involves assessing the various risks including their effects, establishing possible alternative ways of avoiding the risk, making the decision on the best strategy to mitigate the risk and implementing the risk controls adopted by the firm. By the time a bank makes decision on the mitigation measures, the management has accepted the occurrence of the risks and is not trying to reduce the effects on the firm. In one of the banks, the management assessed the risks affecting its operations department by beginning by assessing the issue at hand. This was followed by balancing resources in establishing possible solutions and balancing resources in establishing the solutions. Thereafter, the management communicated the risks and intended intentions by its actions. A debrief that involved taking of action and monitoring responses followed. Task 2: WHS Harmonization a. Objectives of Harmonisation The main objective of the harmonizat ion of the act was to ensure that the entire country has one law that governs work place safety for all employees. In addition, the regulations are to ensure safe working conditions for the entire country and commonwealth countries. The states had to maintain their jurisdiction over because employees work in the states and it would be easier for them to handle workplace safety issues rather than the federal government. b. Features of a WHS act The act is about setting a good working environment regarding health and safety of employees in organizations. The changes that were made to the act were several and were made in different section of the law as outlined below. In section four, a new definition of â€Å"engage in conduct† was given as the means of doing an act while the corresponding jurisdiction was provided as â€Å"A jurisdiction may extend the operation of a provision that applies to a corresponding WHS law to specified laws of the jurisdiction. This should be dealt with separately in the provision or regulations under the provision† (Safework Australia 2) In section 7, the jurisdiction note was omitted and replaced by anew jurisdiction note that sought to alter section 7(1). In some sections such as sections 8(2), 20(1)a, 22(5), 28(d), 36 and 52(3) among others, articles and prepositions were added to alter the meanings of the constituents of the law. In section 98, merely was replaced by only while clause 110 was omitted and replaced by another clause outlining discriminatory conduct, its proof, avoiding discrimination and jurisdiction over misconduct (Safework Australia 3). c. Implications of WHS act for i) Organizations The implications of the act on organization are that firms should establish a healthy and safe working environment. All working environments in Australia and other commonwealth countries are to comply with the act failure to which they will be sued. The organization is responsible for initiating the necessary changes regarding a safe and healthy working environment for its employees. ii) Managers/supervisors The managements of companies are responsible for implementing the policies stipulated in the act regarding provision of a healthy and safe working environment. The act stipulates what is called a safe and healthy working environment. What is reasonably practicable in relation to duty to ensure safety and health means what is to be done reasonably to ensure health and safety of employees. The managers and supervisors in an organization are to provide the practicable duty of care in any form of business. Proper inspection of premises should be undertaken frequently by the management to ensure that a proper

Turner Syndrome Hormone

Turner Syndrome Hormone TURNER SYNDROME Turner syndrome was discovered by Dr. Henry Turner, an endocrinologist in 1938, when he noticed a set of common physical features in some of his female patients. Turner was born on August 28, 1892 in Harrisburg, Illinois and died on August 4, 1970 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. An endocrinologist diagnoses diseases that affect your glands. Endocrinologists are trained to diagnose and treat hormone problems by helping to balance of hormones in your system. It wasnt until 1960 that a chromosomal abnormality was discovered. Turner syndrome is a rare genetic chromosomal disorder that affects approximately one out of 2,500 3,000 females in every birth. Females inherit one â€Å"X chromosome from their mother and one â€Å"X† chromosome from their father. If one â€Å"X† chromosome is missing from the cell, that is Turner syndrome. â€Å"Turner syndrome is present at conception or following the first cell division, and it remains throughout life.† Some scientists say it â€Å"may be a result from an error during the division (meiosis) of a parents sex cell. Turner syndrome can be diagnosed by a simple blood test called karyotype either during pregnancy or after birth. â€Å"A karyotype test that shows that you have Turner syndrome reveals 45 chromosomes (only one X chromosome), instead of the normal 44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes (XX) that are found in females.† Here are a few if the physical features of Turner syndrome: Short stature; one of the missing genes in the â€Å"X† chromosome is the SHOX gene. This gene is responsible for the long bone growth development; â€Å"more than 95% of adult women with Turner syndrome exhibit short stature†. Without it, your bones dont grow the way they should; average adult height with Turner syndrome is 4 feet 7 inches. â€Å"Scoliosis affects the spine and occurs in 10% of young girls with Turner syndrome and may contribute to their short stature.† Scoliosis can be diagnosed by a Pediatrician. This also includes short fingers and short toes; wrist and elbow joints turn out away from the body. Hands and feet can look puffy or swollen at birth. The nails on the fingers are soft and turn upward at the ends when a girl with Turner syndrome gets older. Webbed neck; in some cases you will see extra skin on the side of the neck. It looks like â€Å"wings†. This is where the neck and the collar bone connect and can be corrected with surgery. Abnormal kidney, a normal kidney is shaped like a bean and someone who has Turner syndrome, their kidney is shaped like a horseshoe. Also, you should have two kidneys and someone with Turner syndrome, usually only has one kidney. Having only one kidney and the fact that it doesnt function the way it is suppose to, can also cause diabetes, which can be deadly if you dont treat it with medication, good eating habits and lots of exercise. Lack of sexual development at puberty; females with Turner syndrome have little to no sexual development; their ovaries, breasts, the uterus never fully develops and there is no menstruation cycle, which means that they cant reproduce. The most deadly of the physical features is the heart defects, because it is the most common cause of death in adults with Turner syndrome. The major heart vessels are much smaller than normal heart vessels. â€Å"The major blood vessels from the heart have two vessels rather than three vessels that regulate the blood flow.† This can be corrected with surgery. Other disorders include high blood pressure, obesity, cataracts, thyroid problems, and arthritis. Girls with Turner syndrome usually have normal intelligence, but some may have learning difficulties in math. Many also have a problem with requiring map reading or visual organization, but are able to write well and learn well. People with Turner syndrome go to regular schools and take regular classes. Hearing problems are also more common in girls with Turner syndrome. Red and green color blindness also occurs in girls with Turner syndrome. There is treatment for Turner syndrome. Some females have been treated with hormone replacement therapy that increases their height and helps the development of the breasts. Some females also take the male hormone so their hair and muscle growth can be almost normal. Not everyone who takes the growth hormone, androgen have much change in their growth. The female hormone is called estrogen, which also help their sexual development. Estrogen therapy is usually started at age 12 or 13 to help stimulate the growth of sexual development. Having Turner syndrome can also lower a young girls self-esteem. There are a lot of ways to help someone feel better about there self. For example to try on different clothing styles until she finds what makes her feel happy or fits her personality. This can help build a positive body image and self-esteem. Or maybe participate in activities where height doesnt matter, like skating, diving, horseback riding, babysitting, or volunteer work. They should stay active in sports and hobbies they enjoy. Turner syndrome can not be inherited from parent to child because most women with Turner syndrome are usually sterile. They dont have fully developed reproductive organs. There is no cure for Turner syndrome. People with Turner syndrome are all different. Some may have many physical differences and symptoms. Others may only have a few medical problems that are treatable. There is no known proof that this disorder affects more frequently in whites, blacks, Hispanics or any other ethnic group. Most people with Turner syndrome can live healthy and normal lives if they get good medical care. There is a foundation called The MAGIC Foundation for Childrens Growth. This is a group of parents with children who have a variety of growth disorders including Turner Syndrome. The foundation is here to help you understand and deal with the special issues all of the children face, whether it is a learning challenge due to Turner Syndrome or a physical challenge because they are short children. References: Clinical Features of Turner Syndrome http://turner.nichd.nih.gov Turner Syndrome Chart http://www.kidsgrowth.com Learn.Genetics Genetic Science Learning Center http://learngenetics.utah.edu Teens Health http://kidshealth.org/teen;diseases_conditions/genetic/turner.html â€Å"Family Medical Guide†, 4th Edition; American Medical Association, published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Persian Gulf War Essay -- essays research papers

The Persian Gulf is one of the few regions whose importance to the United States is obvious. The flow of Gulf oil will continue to be crucial to the economic well-being of the industrialized world for the foreseeable future; developments in the Gulf will have a critical impact on issues ranging from Arab-Israeli relations and religious extremism to terrorism and nuclear nonproliferation. Every president since Richard Nixon has recognized that ensuring Persian Gulf security and stability is a vital U.S. interest. The Clinton administration's strategy for achieving this goal during the president's first term was its attempted "dual containment" of Iraq and Iran. This is more a slogan than a strategy, however, and the policy may not be sustainable for much longer. In trying to isolate both of the Gulf's regional powers, the policy lacks strategic viability and carries a high financial and diplomatic cost. Saddam Hussein is still in power six years after his defeat at the hands of a multinational coalition, and the international consensus on continuing the containment of Iraq is fraying. The strident U.S. campaign to isolate Iran, in turn, drives Iran and Russia together and the United States and its Group of Seven allies apart. Finally, the imposing U.S. military presence that helps protect the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) from external threats is being exploited by hostile elements to take advantage of internal social, political, and economic problems. The advent of the Clinton administration's second term, together with the imminent inauguration of a new administration in Iran following this May's elections, provides an opportunity to review U.S. policies toward the Gulf and consider whether midcourse corrections could improve the situation. The first step in such a reevaluation is to view the problems in the Gulf clearly and objectively. In Iraq, the United States confronts a police state led by an erratic tyrant who’s limited but potentially serious capacity for regional action is currently subject to constraint. In Iran, the United States confronts a country with potentially considerable military and economic capabilities and an imperial tradition, which occupies a crucial position both for the Gulf and for future relations between the West and Central Asia. If Iraq poses a clear and relatively simple immediate threat, Iran rep... ...bsp; 773 n.a. Imports (goods, US$ billion) 1,030 1,222 n.a. The performance of the US economy is uninspiring in the early part of 2001. While industrial production recorded its fifth consecutive monthly decline in February 2001, retail sales fell again in February after the rebound in the previous two months. The IMF has recently revised its US growth forecast for 2001 from 3.2% to 1.7%. Despite signs of economic weaknesses, the US employment condition remains sound and inflation is well contained. Sources http://debate.uvm.edu/roguestates.html http://www.twq.com/winter01/kemp.pdf http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/reports/normalization.pdf http://www.terrorism.com/terrorism/sloan.html http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ38a.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/usa.html http://www.embeeuu.gub.uy/cusreg.htm http://www.zmag.org/zmag/articles/ShalomIranIraq.html http://bookstore.gpo.gov/sb/sb-210.html http://www.middle-east-online.com/English/Business/Feb2001/US%20may%20have%20to%20drop%20sanctions%20against%20Iran,%20Iraq,%20Libya.htm

Basic Functions of a Network Management System.

C H A P T E R 6 Chapter Goal †¢ Become familiar with the basic functions of a network management system. Network Management Basics Introduction This chapter describes functions common to most network-management architectures and protocols. It also presents the five conceptual areas of management as defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Subsequent chapters in Part IX, â€Å"Network Management,† address specific network management technologies, protocols, and platforms in more detail. What Is Network Management?Network management means different things to different people. In some cases, it involves a solitary network consultant monitoring network activity with an outdated protocol analyzer. In other cases, network management involves a distributed database, autopolling of network devices, and high-end workstations generating real-time graphical views of network topology changes and traffic. In general, network management is a service that emp loys a variety of tools, applications, and devices to assist human network managers in monitoring and maintaining networks. A Historical PerspectiveThe early 1980s saw tremendous expansion in the area of network deployment. As companies realized the cost benefits and productivity gains created by network technology, they began to add networks and expand existing networks almost as rapidly as new network technologies and products were introduced. By the mid-1980s, certain companies were experiencing growing pains from deploying many different (and sometimes incompatible) network technologies. The problems associated with network expansion affect both day-to-day network operation management and strategic network growth planning.Each new network technology requires its own set of experts. In the early 1980s, the staffing requirements alone for managing large, heterogeneous networks created a crisis for many organizations. An urgent need arose for automated network management (including what is typically called network capacity planning) integrated across diverse environments. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 6-1 Chapter 6 Network Management Architecture Network Management Basics Network Management Architecture Most network management architectures use the same basic structure and set of relationships.End stations (managed devices), such as computer systems and other network devices, run software that enables them to send alerts when they recognize problems (for example, when one or more user-determined thresholds are exceeded). Upon receiving these alerts, management entities are programmed to react by executing one, several, or a group of actions, including operator notification, event logging, system shutdown, and automatic attempts at system repair. Management entities also can poll end stations to check the values of certain variables.Polling can be automatic or user-initiated, but agents in the managed devices respond to all polls. Agents are software modules that first compile information about the managed devices in which they reside, then store this information in a management database, and finally provide it (proactively or reactively) to management entities within network management systems (NMSs) via a network management protocol. Well-known network management protocols include the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) and Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP).Management proxies are entities that provide management information on behalf of other entities. Figure 6-1 depicts a typical network management architecture. Figure 6-1 A Typical Network Management Architecture Maintains Many Relationships Network management system (NMS) Management entity Network management protocol Network Agent Agent Agent Proxy Management database Management database Management database Managed devices ISO Network Management Model The ISO has contributed a great deal to network standardization.Its network management model is the primary means for understanding the major functions of network management systems. This model consists of five conceptual areas, as discussed in the next sections. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 6-2 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 6 Network Management Basics ISO Network Management Model Performance Management The goal of performance management is to measure and make available various aspects of network performance so that internetwork performance can be maintained at an acceptable level.Examples of performance variables that might be provided include network throughput, user response times, and line utilization. Performance management involves three main steps. First, performance data is gathered on variables of interest to network administrators. Second, the data is analyzed to determine normal (baseline) levels. Finally, appropriate performance thresholds are determined for each important variable so that exceeding these thresholds indicates a network problem worthy of attenti on. Management entities continually monitor performance variables.When a performance threshold is exceeded, an alert is generated and sent to the network management system. Each of the steps just described is part of the process to set up a reactive system. When performance becomes unacceptable because of an exceeded user-defined threshold, the system reacts by sending a message. Performance management also permits proactive methods: For example, network simulation can be used to project how network growth will affect performance metrics. Such simulation can alert administrators to impending problems so that counteractive measures can be taken.Configuration Management The goal of configuration management is to monitor network and system configuration information so that the effects on network operation of various versions of hardware and software elements can be tracked and managed. Each network device has a variety of version information associated with it. An engineering workstati on, for example, may be configured as follows: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Operating system, Version 3. 2 Ethernet interface, Version 5. 4 TCP/IP software, Version 2. 0 NetWare software, Version 4. 1 NFS software, Version 5. 1 Serial communications controller, Version 1. X. 25 software, Version 1. 0 SNMP software, Version 3. 1 Configuration management subsystems store this information in a database for easy access. When a problem occurs, this database can be searched for clues that may help solve the problem. Accounting Management The goal of accounting management is to measure network utilization parameters so that individual or group uses on the network can be regulated appropriately. Such regulation minimizes network problems (because network resources can be apportioned based on resource capacities) and maximizes the fairness of network access across all users.Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 6-3 Chapter 6 Review Questions N etwork Management Basics As with performance management, the first step toward appropriate accounting management is to measure utilization of all important network resources. Analysis of the results provides insight into current usage patterns, and usage quotas can be set at this point. Some correction, of course, will be required to reach optimal access practices. From this point, ongoing measurement of resource use can yield billing information as well as information used to assess continued fair and optimal resource utilization.Fault Management The goal of fault management is to detect, log, notify users of, and (to the extent possible) automatically fix network problems to keep the network running effectively. Because faults can cause downtime or unacceptable network degradation, fault management is perhaps the most widely implemented of the ISO network management elements. Fault management involves first determining symptoms and isolating the problem. Then the problem is fixed and the solution is tested on all-important subsystems.Finally, the detection and resolution of the problem is recorded. Security Management The goal of security management is to control access to network resources according to local guidelines so that the network cannot be sabotaged (intentionally or unintentionally) and sensitive information cannot be accessed by those without appropriate authorization. A security management subsystem, for example, can monitor users logging on to a network resource and can refuse access to those who enter inappropriate access codes.Security management subsystems work by partitioning network resources into authorized and unauthorized areas. For some users, access to any network resource is inappropriate, mostly because such users are usually company outsiders. For other (internal) network users, access to information originating from a particular department is inappropriate. Access to Human Resource files, for example, is inappropriate for most use rs outside the Human Resources department. Security management subsystems perform several functions.They identify sensitive network resources (including systems, files, and other entities) and determine mappings between sensitive network resources and user sets. They also monitor access points to sensitive network resources and log inappropriate access to sensitive network resources. Review Questions Q—Name the different areas of network management. A—Configuration, accounting, fault, security, and performance. Q—What are the goals of performance management? A—Measure and make available various aspects of network performance so that internetwork performance can be maintained at an acceptable level.Q—What are the goals of configuration management? A—Monitor network and system configuration information so that the effects on network operation of various versions of hardware and software elements can be tracked and managed. Q—What are th e goals of accounting management? Internetworking Technologies Handbook 6-4 1-58705-001-3 Chapter 6 Network Management Basics Review Questions A—Measure network utilization parameters so that individual or group uses on the network can be regulated appropriately. Q—What are the goals of fault management?A—Detect, log, notify users of, and automatically fix network problems to keep the network running effectively. Q—What are the goals of security management? A—Control access to network resources according to local guidelines so that the network cannot be sabotaged and so that sensitive information cannot be accessed by those without appropriate authorization. Internetworking Technologies Handbook 1-58705-001-3 6-5 Chapter 6 Review Questions Network Management Basics Internetworking Technologies Handbook 6-6 1-58705-001-3

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